Employers are obliged to take protective measures. O
therwise, those affected can refuse to work - with full pay.
Many people experience discrimination on the basis of one or more characteristics. This means, for example, that people are disadvantaged, humiliated or excluded because of their gender or skin colour. It is therefore also often spoken of disadvantage and exclusion in connection with discrimination.
Discrimination can take different forms: For example, it can happen verbally through the use of derogatory words or through the rejection of an application without a factually justifiable reason.
The State Office for Equal Treatment - Against Discrimination of the State of Berlin defines discrimination as follows:
"Discrimination occurs when a person in a comparable situation receives less favourable treatment than another person without an objectively justifiable reason on the basis of a [...] characteristic[s]."
However, not every form of different treatment is discrimination. There may well be reasons for treating people unequally. This is the case, for example, when measures are introduced to promote a minority or a less visible group.
More information on the topic of discrimination can be found at the Berlin State Office for Equal Treatment - Against Discrimination.
Art. 3 Abs. 1 und 3 Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
(1) Alle Menschen sind vor dem Gesetz gleich.
(3) Niemand darf wegen seines Geschlechtes, seiner Abstammung, seiner Rasse, seiner Sprache, seiner Heimat und Herkunft, seines Glaubens, seiner religiösen oder politischen Anschauungen benachteiligt oder bevorzugt werden. Niemand darf wegen seiner Behinderung benachteiligt werden.
There are various characteristics that cannot be discriminated against:
Art. 3 Abs. 3 Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Niemand darf wegen seines Geschlechtes, seiner Abstammung, seiner Rasse, seiner Sprache, seiner Heimat und Herkunft, seines Glaubens, seiner religiösen oder politischen Anschauungen benachteiligt oder bevorzugt werden. Niemand darf wegen seiner Behinderung benachteiligt werden.
§ 1 Ziel des Gesetzes Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Ziel des Gesetzes ist, Benachteiligungen aus Gründen der Rasse oder wegen der ethnischen Herkunft, des Geschlechts, der Religion oder Weltanschauung, einer Behinderung, des Alters oder der sexuellen Identität zu verhindern oder zu beseitigen.
Harassment and discrimination, disadvantages and exclusions are often used synonymously on the one hand, but on the other hand they are also construed as separate concepts from each other. There is no stringent typology in an overarching context and consensus. We therefore follow the German General Equal Treatment Act. According to this, discrimination can take many different forms. Discrimination is chosen here as an umbrella term to cover the various forms of discrimination:
In a job advertisement for a restaurant, only female service staff are sought without giving a justifiable reason for this.
An apparently neutral formulation excludes a group of people without there being an objectively necessary reason for this. For example, the requirement for very good German language skills for a job where sufficient German language skills would be sufficient.
For example, derogatory jokes are repeatedly told about gay people (homophobia) or women (sexism). These can violate the dignity of people affected and lead to an environment of intimidation, hostility, humiliation, degradation or insults.
Sexual harassment means any form of unwanted sexual behaviour. This includes unwanted touching and actions as well as sexual remarks. It remains open whether so-called catcalling is covered by the law. Placing pornographic material in the break room can also be a form of sexual harassment.
A club’s security person is instructed to let only white people into the club.
§ 3 Begriffsbestimmungen Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Diversity refers to various characteristics that make our society as colourful as it is. There are different dimensions of diversity that are oriented along the characteristics of discrimination. (see Discrimination: 3. What are grounds for discrimination?) Diversity is a positive approach that values diversity, promotes anti-discrimination and raises awareness.
Diversity management means the strategic orientation of a company in the area of diversity. This means that a company makes use of diversity in various areas, e.g., in recruiting and personnel development. Diversity management is justified with many advantages for employers, among others, to cover the demand for skilled workers or to offer creative, sustainable solutions for customers.
"Xenophobia and racist violence have increased in recent years. Diversity management and the creation of a tolerant and inclusive working environment are therefore becoming all the more important," from the Diversity Charter, a diversity network for employers and employees.
The Diversity Charter describes age, ethnic origin and nationality, gender and gender identity, physical and mental abilities, religion and belief, sexual orientation, and social origin as diversity dimensions.
In Germany, the Basic Law already prohibits discrimination.
In 2006, the General Equal Treatment Act (AGG) also came into force. This serves to implement the European anti-discrimination directives in Germany and regulates much more specific cases of discrimination and harassment. (see Discrimination: 3. What forms can discrimination take?).
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) also presented a Convention to Combat Violence and Harassment at Work in 2019. This regulates binding minimum standards to protect workers from violence and sexual harassment in the workplace. However, Germany has not yet ratified the convention.
A State Office for Equal Treatment - Against Discrimination (Landesantidiskriminierungsstelle) was established in Berlin in 2007 and works at the ministerial level for anti-discrimination and helped to launch the State Anti-Discrimination Act in Berlin.
In the federal state of Berlin, the State Anti-Discrimination Act (LADG) was introduced in 2020. It includes a broader definition of grounds of discrimination than the AGG and the Basic Law: social status and chronic diseases are included as grounds of discrimination. Furthermore, it protects in particular against discrimination by public authorities, which is not specifically dealt with in the General Equal Treatment Act. In addition, an independent ombudsman's office helps to enforce the law for those affected. In addition to protection against discrimination, the LADG also promotes a culture of valuing diversity.
Art. 3 Abs. 3 Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Niemand darf wegen seines Geschlechtes, seiner Abstammung, seiner Rasse, seiner Sprache, seiner Heimat und Herkunft, seines Glaubens, seiner religiösen oder politischen Anschauungen benachteiligt oder bevorzugt werden. Niemand darf wegen seiner Behinderung benachteiligt werden.
§ 1 Ziel des Gesetzes Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Ziel des Gesetzes ist, Benachteiligungen aus Gründen der Rasse oder wegen der ethnischen Herkunft, des Geschlechts, der Religion oder Weltanschauung, einer Behinderung, des Alters oder der sexuellen Identität zu verhindern oder zu beseitigen.
§ 1 Ziel des Gesetzes Landesantidiskriminierungsgesetz
Ziel des Gesetzes ist die tatsächliche Herstellung und Durchsetzung von Chancengleichheit, die Verhinderung und Beseitigung jeder Form von Diskriminierung sowie die Förderung einer Kultur der Wertschätzung von Vielfalt.
Harassment and discrimination often have the effect of creating an environment of intimidation. In this environment, people experiencing harassment and discrimination are humiliated, degraded, and insulted. This leads to exclusion and hostility. At the same time, harassment is also repeatedly played down, so that harassment is stylised into a taboo subject. (more information)
Victims of harassment and/or discrimination often experience feelings of powerlessness and threat. Shame, humiliation, and devaluation are also feelings for victims that arise from harassment and discrimination. This leads to low job satisfaction for those affected, more stress, poorer mental health, and health impairments overall (see Federal Statistical Office, Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency). As a result, the performance of those affected can decline (see Federal Statistical Office). These negative consequences of discrimination/harassment affect all workers in a company. Harassment and discrimination are therefore harmful to all employees in the company.
Re the study situation:
According to a survey by the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency in 2019, just under nine per cent, i.e., approximately one in eleven employees, have been affected by sexual harassment at work in the last three years. According to the Federal Statistical Office, 16 per cent of all employees were threatened or harassed at work in the last twelve months in 2015. 5.6 per cent of employees have also been discriminated against at work. Discrimination and harassment are therefore not uncommon.
Discrimination and harassment can trigger a feeling of powerlessness and threat for the person affected. In the survey conducted by the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency, almost every fourth person felt moderately to very strongly affected. Every second to third person even stated that they felt a strong sense of shame, humiliation, and devaluation, as well as psychological stress as a result of the discrimination/harassment. Furthermore, according to a 2019 study, "women who were affected by a sexist climate at work [...] were three times more likely to develop depression over a four-year period than a control group who had not experienced such sexism at work. In addition, the women complained of poorer performance, dissatisfaction, and generally poorer health. " (EAF Berlin (2019): Together against sexism, page 14)
You are protected from harassment and discrimination in working life by the General Equal Treatment Act (AGG). This means that special criteria for selection and recruitment must already be taken into account in the job advertisement and application process.
There must be no unobjective discrimination in this process.
Furthermore, as an employee you are protected from discrimination in your working conditions, dismissal conditions and pay. This means, for example, that men may not be paid more than women in the same job without good reason.
They also have special protection against discrimination and harassment in access to further and continuing education and vocational guidance, in vocational training and in participation in the works council.
§ 2 Abs. 1 Ziff. 1-4 Anwendungsbereich Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Benachteiligungen aus einem in § 1 genannten Grund sind nach Maßgabe dieses Gesetzes unzulässig in Bezug auf:
Unequal treatment without objective reason and harassment are prohibited. If you are discriminated against or harassed at work, you have the right to complain. This means that you can complain to the competent bodies in your company. Your complaint must be examined, and the result of the examination must be communicated to you.
Your employer is also obliged to take measures to prevent (sexual) harassment in the workplace. This means that intimidation, hostility, humiliation, degradation or insults on grounds of discrimination must be prevented as far as possible by preventive measures taken by the employer. If your employer does not comply with this law or does so inadequately, you have the right to refuse to work with full pay. You can do this if, for example, you are exposed to situations of harassment without protection. This is called the right to withhold performance. You must continue to be paid in this case.
If there is a violation of the prohibition of discrimination, you may be entitled to damages or compensation. You must assert this claim with your employer within two months. Within three months of asserting your claim for damages with your employer, you can file a complaint with the labour court. Your competent labour court depends on the location of your employer.
In a dispute based on discrimination according to a discriminatory ground, there is also a so-called reversal of the burden of proof. This means that you were discriminated against/harassed and can show circumstantial evidence that allows this presumption. Then the other party must prove that there was no violation.
Sexual harassment can also be prosecuted under criminal law. You must file a criminal complaint for this.
If you experience discrimination and harassment at work, you should try to record the incident in a so-called memory log. This will help you to present the incident in case of a complaint or compensation.
In the Berliner Beratungswegweiser you can also find counselling centres that support those affected by discrimination and disadvantage.
§ 13 Abs.1 Beschwerderecht Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Die Beschäftigten haben das Recht, sich bei den zuständigen Stellen des Betriebs, des Unternehmens oder der Dienststelle zu beschweren, wenn sie sich im Zusammenhang mit ihrem Beschäftigungsverhältnis vom Arbeitgeber, von Vorgesetzten, anderen Beschäftigten oder Dritten wegen eines in § 1 genannten Grundes benachteiligt fühlen. Die Beschwerde ist zu prüfen und das Ergebnis der oder dem beschwerdeführenden Beschäftigten mitzuteilen.
§ 14 Leistungsverweigerungsrecht Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Ergreift der Arbeitgeber keine oder offensichtlich ungeeignete Maßnahmen zur Unterbindung einer Belästigung oder sexuellen Belästigung am Arbeitsplatz, sind die betroffenen Beschäftigten berechtigt, ihre Tätigkeit ohne Verlust des Arbeitsentgelts einzustellen, soweit dies zu ihrem Schutz erforderlich ist. § 273 des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs bleibt unberührt.
§ 15 Abs. 1 und 4 Entschädigung und Schadensersatz Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
(1) Bei einem Verstoß gegen das Benachteiligungsverbot ist der Arbeitgeber verpflichtet, den hierdurch entstandenen Schaden zu ersetzen. Dies gilt nicht, wenn der Arbeitgeber die Pflichtverletzung nicht zu vertreten hat.
(4) Ein Anspruch nach Absatz 1 oder 2 muss innerhalb einer Frist von zwei Monaten schriftlich geltend gemacht werden, es sei denn, die Tarifvertragsparteien haben etwas anderes vereinbart. Die Frist beginnt im Falle einer Bewerbung oder eines beruflichen Aufstiegs mit dem Zugang der Ablehnung und in den sonstigen Fällen einer Benachteiligung zu dem Zeitpunkt, in dem der oder die Beschäftigte von der Benachteiligung Kenntnis erlangt.
§ 61b Abs.1 Klage wegen Benachteiligung Arbeitsgerichtsgesetz
Eine Klage auf Entschädigung nach § 15 des Allgemeinen Gleichbehandlungsgesetzes muss innerhalb von drei Monaten, nachdem der Anspruch schriftlich geltend gemacht worden ist, erhoben werden.
§ 22 Beweislast Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Wenn im Streitfall die eine Partei Indizien beweist, die eine Benachteiligung wegen eines in § 1 genannten Grundes vermuten lassen, trägt die andere Partei die Beweislast dafür, dass kein Verstoß gegen die Bestimmungen zum Schutz vor Benachteiligung vorgelegen hat.
§ 184i Abs. 1 Sexuelle Belästigung Strafgesetzbuch
Wer eine andere Person in sexuell bestimmter Weise körperlich berührt und dadurch belästigt, wird mit Freiheitsstrafe bis zu zwei Jahren oder mit Geldstrafe bestraft, wenn nicht die Tat in anderen Vorschriften dieses Abschnitts mit schwererer Strafe bedroht ist.
Firstly, your employer is obliged to take measures to protect against discrimination (see Discrimination: 3. What forms can discrimination take?). This means that your employer must apply appropriate measures to protect all employees from discrimination. These measures must also have a preventive character, for example through anti-discrimination training for the staff or awareness-raising by making the General Equal Treatment Act known (see Discrimination: 5. What is anti-discrimination law?).
Secondly, your employer must set up a complaints office to which employees affected by discrimination can turn. These complaints must be investigated.
Thirdly, your employer must take appropriate measures in the workplace to protect employees who have been discriminated against. This can be done, for example, by giving a warning, transferring, or dismissing the person who has committed the discrimination/harassment.
§ 12 Abs. 1-2 Maßnahmen und Pflichten des Arbeitgebers Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
§ 13 Abs. 1 Beschwerderecht Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Die Beschäftigten haben das Recht, sich bei den zuständigen Stellen des Betriebs, des Unternehmens oder der Dienststelle zu beschweren, wenn sie sich im Zusammenhang mit ihrem Beschäftigungsverhältnis vom Arbeitgeber, von Vorgesetzten, anderen Beschäftigten oder Dritten wegen eines in § 1 genannten Grundes benachteiligt fühlen. Die Beschwerde ist zu prüfen und das Ergebnis der oder dem beschwerdeführenden Beschäftigten mitzuteilen.
In some companies in the hospitality industry, the employer prescribes the wearing of work clothes. Work clothes can cause discomfort to employees if they are too tight or skimpy, for example. Such uniforms may encourage possible harassment.
If your employer prescribes uniforms, the works council has a say in this and can thus exert influence. Care must be taken to ensure that the textiles to be worn are comfortable and allow freedom of movement.
If there is no works council, your employer may decide on the uniforms alone and must respect your personal rights. You can therefore inform your employer in writing of your discomfort with wearing work clothes with reference to the measures your employer must take to protect you from harassment.
§ 87 Abs. 1 Ziff. 1 Mitbestimmungsrechte Betriebsverfassungsgesetz
Der Betriebsrat hat, soweit eine gesetzliche oder tarifliche Regelung nicht besteht, in folgenden Angelegenheiten mitzubestimmen: Fragen der Ordnung des Betriebs und des Verhaltens der Arbeitnehmer im Betrieb.
§ 12 Abs. 1 Maßnahmen und Pflichten des Arbeitgebers Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Der Arbeitgeber ist verpflichtet, die erforderlichen Maßnahmen zum Schutz vor Benachteiligungen wegen eines in § 1 genannten Grundes zu treffen. Dieser Schutz umfasst auch vorbeugende Maßnahmen.
In some establishments in the hospitality industry, the employer requires name badges to be worn. Full naming can make harassment easier. If your employer requires name badges, the works council has a say in this and can exert influence. If there is no works council, your employer may decide and must respect your personal rights. You can inform your employer in writing of your discomfort with wearing a name tag, referring to the measures your employer must take to protect you from harassment.
§ 87 Abs. 1 Ziff. 1 Mitbestimmungsrechte Betriebsverfassungsgesetz
Der Betriebsrat hat, soweit eine gesetzliche oder tarifliche Regelung nicht besteht, in folgenden Angelegenheiten mitzubestimmen: Fragen der Ordnung des Betriebs und des Verhaltens der Arbeitnehmer im Betrieb.
§ 12 Abs. 1 Maßnahmen und Pflichten des Arbeitgebers Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
Der Arbeitgeber ist verpflichtet, die erforderlichen Maßnahmen zum Schutz vor Benachteiligungen wegen eines in § 1 genannten Grundes zu treffen. Dieser Schutz umfasst auch vorbeugende Maßnahmen.
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